As the world witnesses a significant demographic shift, the challenges of ageing and health are becoming increasingly prominent. By 2050, the majority of older individuals will be residing in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the rapid pace of population ageing. This trend is further emphasized by the fact that in 2020, the number of people aged 60 and above surpassed the population of children under 5 years old.
The global population is experiencing a remarkable increase in life expectancy, with a growing number of individuals reaching their sixties and beyond. By 2030, approximately one-sixth of the world’s population will be aged 60 or older, a figure that is projected to rise to 1.4 billion by 2030 and 2.1 billion by 2050. Notably, the demographic shift towards older age groups, known as population ageing, initially observed in high-income nations, is now more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries.
Ageing at a biological level is attributed to the gradual accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time, resulting in a decline in physical and mental capabilities, increased vulnerability to diseases, and ultimately, mortality. However, the ageing process is not uniform and is influenced by various life transitions such as retirement, changes in living arrangements, and the loss of social connections.
Common health conditions associated with ageing include hearing loss, vision impairments, musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory diseases, diabetes, mental health issues, and cognitive decline. Furthermore, older age often brings about complex health conditions known as geriatric syndromes, which are multifactorial and require comprehensive care.
Healthy ageing is influenced by various factors, including genetics, physical environment, social support, and lifestyle choices. Maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco use, and residing in supportive environments play crucial roles in promoting healthy ageing and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Addressing the challenges posed by population ageing requires a holistic approach that acknowledges the diversity among older individuals. Public health responses must consider the unique needs and experiences of older people, combat ageist attitudes, and promote policies that support healthy ageing across different socio-economic and cultural contexts.
The United Nations has declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing, with WHO leading the implementation efforts. This initiative aims to reduce health disparities, enhance the quality of life for older individuals and their communities, and promote age-friendly policies and services worldwide.
By fostering a supportive environment, delivering person-centered care, and challenging ageist stereotypes, societies can embrace the opportunities presented by longer life expectancies and ensure that older individuals can lead fulfilling and healthy lives in their later years.
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